Books by Nadja Durbach, Nadja Durbach

3. Nadia Durbach, Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853-1907 .  Back then vaccines were quite often dangerous: “Victorian public vaccinators used a lancet (a surgical instrument) to cut lines into the flesh in a scored pattern.  This was usually done in at least four different places on the arm.  Vaccine matter, also called lymph, would then be smeared into the cuts…[often] vaccinators required infants to return eight days after the procedure to allow lymph to be harvest...